The Principles of Teaching Vocabulary (Nation, 2013)

1. Provide clear and simple explanations.

2. Help learners remember the terms.

3. Help learners remember the meanings.

4. Help learners avoid confusion with related terms.

5. Prioritize the aspects of the terms to be taught.

6. Provide learners with repeated exposure to the terms.

7. Draw learners’ attention to the generalizable meanings of the terms.

The Science of Teaching (Hattie, 2002)

1. Substantial investments of time, energy, instruction, and effort are all required to develop mastery.

2. We naturally learn a lot from exposure to information, but this information has to be structured and organized to increase our knowledge.

3. Our brains have in-built limitations, and deep and meaningful processing becomes impossible when these limitations are reached. Then, only shallow learning takes place.

4. Learners benefit a lot from social examples, directed instruction, and corrective feedback.

5. Once we believe that our short-term goals are achievable, we will exert strong efforts to perform at a high level.

6. Short-term goals are highly effective, but they might conflict with long-term values. Thus, one of the key aspects of personal development is self-control.

7. Learners possess human traits like ego and esteem, and these require a constant level of maintenance.

8. There is a lot of misinformation about how learning occurs in public and professional domains, and it is destructive.