Dörnyei’s (2011) Commandments of Motivation

1. Bring learners closer to the target culture.

2. Present tasks properly.

3. Increase learners’ goal-orientedness.

4. Create a positive learning environment.

5. Use interesting and adequately challenging tasks.

6. Set a good example with your own behavior.

7. Increase the learners’ linguistic self-confidence.

8. Promote learner autonomy.

9. Personalize language learning.

10. Develop a good relationship with learners.

When infants acquire their first language(s), they are automatically motivated. However, how motivated a learner is crucially affects how willingly, persistently, and successfully they learn a second language later in their life (Ushioda, 2010).

Gardner (2006) claims that motivation is a very complex aspect because it depends on various aspects.

Atkinson’s theory of achievement motivation.